William of Ockham

On Franciscan Poverty

Excerpted from Opus nonaginta dierum

It has been shown that clergymen, even concerning the goods of the church, were understood in their own just war with the king to be bestowed the help of government aid.  Now it must be shown that they are obligated to do this not by some hindering papal statute, not by prohibition or precept, not by opinion or advancement, even if it actually arose from the highest priest.  To the clearness of which fact it must be understood that the pope does not regularly have power over temporary things, especially very abundant things, collected by kings and others faithful to the church, by divine right, but only by human right, if by giving beyond the things given they concede some power to him; and by consequence, however much power the greater kings of England or one greater than them gave to the pope beyond the ecclesiastical goods that they conferred on the churches, he has that much and nothing more.  This can be proven in many ways.  For, just as it was shown before in chapter 7, clergymen do not possess worldly things, especially very abundant things, by divine right, but only by human right, that which is the right of a ruler and of kings; therefore the pope does not regularly have power beyond temporary things given to Anglican churches unless by the right of kings; therefore, however much kings give him, he has that much and nothing more.

original latin

Res autem concessae ecclesiis Anglicanis prius erant regum Angliae, et non papae; ergo, quando dederunt eas ecclesiis Anglicanis, poterant ordinare qualiter deberent expendi et quantam potestatem clerici et papa haberent in eis, nec aliquis super eis aliquam habuit potestatem nisi quam sibi reges Angliae contulerunt.

Si autem ecclesiae sub tali pacto vel nequiverunt vel noluerunt ipsa temporalia bona recipere, et tamen reges sub pactis licitis ipsa ecclesiis contulerunt, concedendum est quod papa super huiusmodi temporalibus habet aliquam potestatem, quamvis non nisi quantam reges sibi dederunt, ut papa super huiusmodi temporalibus concessis a regibus Angliae ecclesiis in dominio eorundem regum solummodo iure regum habeat potestatem, et non nisi quantam per privilegia regum sibi est concessa.

Iniquum est enim et iniustum ac iuri obvians naturali pariter et divino, totam sarcinam defensionis patriae et iurium publicorum ab illis qui cum aliis sufficiunt, transferre ad illos qui insufficientes absque aliis dignoscuntur. Cum ergo pro defensione regni et iurium regni laici cum clericis, et non absque eis, sufficiant, sequitur quod privilegium huiusmodi cuiuscunque potestatis humanae in tali casu concessum papae iniquum censeri deberet.

Adhuc, beneficia principis sunt latissime interpretanda, Extra, de simonia, c. ultimo; ergo, si aliqua sint privilegia per quae sub verbis generalibus reges Angliae dederunt summo pontifici potestatem super rebus quas dederunt ecclesiis, ipsa debent interpretari latissime, ut per ipsa potestas inhibendi clericis ne de eisdem rebus regi subveniant in casu quocunque de quo in privilegiis ipsis specialis et expressa mentio non habetur, a summo pontifice minime auferatur, sed intelligatur esse concessa. Praeterea, bona ecclesiae sunt bona pauperum; ergo in proeliis expendi non debent.