Latin Grammar: Perfect Passive Participle

Nam videmus simias offensas parare insidias hominibus, et multa ordinare ad hoc ut sequantur vindictam; et ideo colligunt unum quod intendunt ex multis. Videmus etiam araneas ordinare telam, et non quocunque modo sed per varias texturas geometricas, ut musce involvantur de facili.

The perfect passive participle is the fourth principle part of any Latin verb. Like other participles, the perfect passive participle is declined like an adjective (in the first and second declension), and agrees with its subject in gender, number, and case. Perfect passive participles express a state of completed action (the perfect part) inflicted on the subject (the passive part). The perfect passive participles of deponent verbs is treated as an active particple. Often, perfect passive participles need to be translated as clauses, usually temporal ("when") and sometimes causal ("since," "because"), rather than literally ("having been x'ed"). Keep in mind that the perfect passive participle is also often used in the ablative absolute, and translations follow the sequence of tenses. Practice using the perfect passive participle by translating the following English sentences into Latin.

1. When the enemy had been surrounded [circumvenire], they surrended their weapons.
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2. When the Greeks had been seen [videre] by the enemy, they were afraid.
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3. Since this was completed [complere], he left.
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4. After the city had been destroyed [destruere], the households rebuilt.
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5. When he had been heard [audire], the man sat down.
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