On the Divisions of Science
Latin Grammar: Present Passive Indicative
Omnia autem que sunt de quibus possibile est tractari in scienciis, dividuntur in duo, scillicet, in ea que habent esse ex nostro opere, sicut omnia opera humana ut leges, constituciones, dei cultus, exercicia, bella et cetera huiusmodi.Alterum est quo cognoscuntur disposiciones omnium que sunt; ad hoc ut describatur in animabus nostris forma universi esse secundum ordinem suum sicut describitur forma visibilis in speculo Sciencia vero speculativa similiter dividitur in tria. Quorum primum dicitur sciencia divina et philosophia prima. Secundum dicitur sciencia disciplinalis vel mathematica, et vocatur sciencia media; tercium est sciencia naturalis et sciencia infima; hec autem sciencia non ob aliud dividitur in tria nisi quia omnia que intelliguntur, vel sunt omnino extra materiam nec coherent corporibus convertibilibus et mobilibus, ut est ipse deus altissimus, et angelus, et unitas, et causa, et causatum, conveniens et inconveniens, et esse, et privacio, et similia.
As evidenced by the passage above, passive verbs are much more common in Latin than in English. A passive verbs indicates that the action is happening to the subject rather than the subject performing the action. Unlike English, which uses an auxiliary verb, Latin has its own passive conjugation, including passive infinitives. To practice passive forms, translate the following English sentences into Latin. Agent is expressed by ab, which takes the ablative.