Respondendum igitur videtur hic, vera ac spiritualia gaudia non inundare in corpora humana gesticulationes aut effigiationes hujusmodi, et hoc est quoniam, ut ait quidem ex sapientibus verum gaudium res severa est, hoc est, non frangens, non emolliens, non dissolvens gaudentem, quin potius confortans et erigens ipsum.

In the passage above, notice the word Respondendum. It is a gerundive or future passive participle, which--as you remember--when used with a form of esse is translated "must" or "ought to," indicating obligation or necessity. (In some textbooks, this construction is called the passive periphrastic.)

Because our material is from later Latin, the writers traditionally omitted including a form of esse, feeling that the reader understood that it was there; it is, however, implied, so we translate the phrase:"It seems, therefore, that (one) must respond here...."

Translate the following sentences using the gerundive (or future passive participle) with a form is esse. Remember to show necessity or obligation by including "must."

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